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Story at-a-glance

• Foam rollers are cylindrical devices that apply pressure to muscles, helping relieve tightness and inflammation while improving flexibility and range of motion
• Research shows foam-rolling significantly boosts flexibility immediately after use, but provides minimal improvements in athletic performance like jumping, sprinting, or strength training
• Foam-rolling is theorized to work through three mechanisms — loosening fascia around muscles, improving blood circulation and temperature, and activating nerve receptors that reduce pain perception
• Studies demonstrate foam-rolling enhances pre-workout preparation by improving ankle mobility and single-leg balance, making it effective for warming up before exercise as well
• Four basic foam roller exercises target major muscle groups — hamstrings, back, calves, and quads, each performed for approximately 30 seconds per area

You've likely experienced muscle soreness after intense exercise, commonly called delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). This is characterized by stiffness, tenderness, and reduced range of motion in the affected areas lasting several days. While having a massage will help recovery, not everyone has the time for it. Here's where foam rollers come in.

While foam-rolling is rapidly becoming standard practice among athletes and fitness enthusiasts, their benefits are not limited to them only. Almost everyone, including you, can benefit from having a foam roller at home.

What Is a Foam Roller?

Before diving into the research behind the benefits of foam rollers, what is it exactly? Simply put, it's a cylindrical device designed to be applied on your muscles, "almost like you're ironing or smoothing out those tissues," according to Dr. Marwa Ahmed from Harvard Medical School.1

• Size — Depending on the manufacturer, foam rollers are often 6 inches in diameter and 1 to 2 feet long.

• Surface — Most foam rollers sold on the market have a smooth surface. However, there are some with textured surfaces that create deeper pressure.

• Intensity — According to Benjamin Kuharik, an exercise specialist from the Cleveland Clinic, foam rollers come in different intensities. Soft foam, for example, is ideal for beginners. Meanwhile, athletes and marathon runners typically gravitate towards firmer products.2

• Different applications — Foam rollers are generally used to relieve muscle tightness and inflammation, which is why they're commonly used after exercise. However, Kuharik explains that "foam-rolling primes the muscles and gets your neuromuscular activation going," which means that they're also great for warming up.3

Foam rollers are generally safe to use, but they should only be applied on your muscles. According to Dr. Ahmed, don't use them on bony areas of your skin, such as knees, pelvis, and shoulder blades, as these can't be "ironed out" unlike muscle tissues and will likely cause pain.4 That said, research shows that there are clear benefits to these devices when used correctly.

Foam Rollers Boost Your Flexibility

In a meta-analysis published in Frontiers in Physiology, researchers examined data from 21 studies to see how foam rollers affect various aspects of athletic performance and recovery. Specifically, they wanted to determine how foam-rolling impacts flexibility, muscle soreness, and athletic capabilities such as jumping, sprinting, and strength training.5

Participants included both male and female athletes who regularly engaged in sports or physical activity. All participants were generally healthy adults ranging from recreational fitness enthusiasts to professional athletes. The researchers specifically analyzed the effectiveness of foam-rolling compared to no treatment, passive rest, or active recovery routines like walking or stretching.

• There was a clear improvement in flexibility — Researchers observed a meaningful increase in range of motion immediately after participants used a foam roller. If you're an athlete, this means you'll be able to stretch further and move with greater ease during play.

• Physical improvements were miniscule — Jump height, sprint speed, and maximum strength were barely enhanced after foam-rolling. To put it plainly, if your primary goal is to be better on your chosen sport, foam-rolling alone won't get you the results you're aiming for. This distinction is crucial because many people mistakenly believe foam-rolling dramatically enhances these aspects of fitness.

Going deeper into the analysis, the rate at which improvements occurred varied between measured outcomes. The flexibility benefits appeared immediately after a short foam-rolling session, meaning that even just a few minutes can positively affect your workout readiness. On the other hand, changes in performance metrics like jump and sprint capabilities were negligible regardless of rolling duration or intensity.

• The largest benefits were focused on flexibility-dependent activities — These include gymnastics, dance, and endurance sports where range of motion and muscle comfort directly impact performance. Athletes in strength or power-dominated sports like football, basketball, or weightlifting saw minimal to no improvement in their primary performance outcomes, indicating that foam-rolling serves a more complementary role rather than a primary performance enhancer in these sports.

• Foam-rolling provides slight relief from soreness — When comparing different variables, foam-rolling showed a strong impact on flexibility compared to a relatively weak impact on muscular performance.

Specifically, while approximately six out of 10 athletes reported improved flexibility, nearly none saw significant results in sprinting speeds or jump heights. The magnitude of soreness relief was also moderate, meaning foam-rolling effectively manages muscle pain, but it doesn't completely eliminate post-exercise discomfort.

• How foam-rolling benefits your muscles — The study posits three theories on how foam rollers improve muscle flexibility. One mechanism suggested involves the fascia, the tough connective tissue surrounding muscles.

Foam-rolling applies gentle pressure that loosens fascia and allows more range of motion. This helps muscles glide smoother over one another, enhancing overall flexibility and reducing stiffness. By essentially ironing out fascial adhesions, foam-rolling promotes greater muscle length and movement ease.

• Pressure subsequently improves blood circulation — Another theory involves blood flow and temperature changes within the muscle tissues. Foam-rolling generates localized pressure and friction, which warms muscles and stimulates circulation. Better blood flow means muscles receive a higher supply of oxygen and nutrients, which is essential for effective muscle recovery and reduced fatigue. Warm muscles also stretch and move more readily, offering immediate gains in flexibility.

• The nervous system is activated — The third theory involves the nervous system's response to pressure stimuli. The sensation produced during foam-rolling activates certain nerve receptors within the muscle and skin. These receptors then signal the brain to produce natural pain-relieving chemicals, including endorphins and oxytocin, to reduce your perception of muscle soreness and pain. This allows for quicker recovery and a more comfortable return to physical activity.

Foam Rollers Are Also Useful for Warming Up

In a study published in the International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy (IJSPT), researchers investigated whether foam rollers could meaningfully enhance the performance of athletes before a game.6

The experiment revolved around 11 healthy professional basketball players. Each of them incorporated foam-rolling into their standard pre-training warm-up, performing exercises specifically targeting lower-leg muscles for a total duration of 90 seconds per leg. To compare results, researchers measured the athletes' ankle mobility and single-leg balance both before and immediately after the foam-rolling sessions.

• The rate of improvement was notable — After using foam rollers, players experienced substantial gains in ankle mobility. Specifically, ankle dorsiflexion improved by approximately 6 to 7 degrees. For context, dorsiflexion is your ability to flex your ankle upwards toward your shin, and better ankle flexibility is directly linked to enhanced performance, especially in sports requiring rapid movements, jumping, or quick directional changes.

• Single-leg stance stability was better — Using the Y-Balance Test — an assessment where you balance on one leg and reach as far as possible in three different directions (forward, and both left and right diagonals) — participants reached farther distances in every tested direction. Enhanced single-leg balance directly translates into improved athletic performance and decreased injury risk during gameplay, helping players make sharp, controlled movements with greater confidence.

• Timing is also important — The greatest performance enhancements — both mobility and balance — occurred immediately after the foam-rolling intervention, highlighting its effectiveness as an immediate warm-up technique.

However, the benefits were temporary. When participants stopped using foam-rolling regularly, their performance metrics quickly returned to baseline within four weeks. Based on this finding, maintaining the benefits requires consistent incorporation into your regular warm-up regimen rather than using the device sporadically.

• Mobility improvements were slightly more pronounced than those in balance — However, both areas benefited, underscoring foam-rolling's overall impact on your fitness.

• Theories on how foam rollers benefit muscles — Just like the Frontiers in Physiology study, the researchers of the IJSPT study can't pinpoint the exact mechanisms of a foam roller's effect on muscles, but there are theories.

One, the effectiveness of foam-rolling in enhancing mobility and balance likely arises from several interconnected mechanisms — the physical pressure of foam-rolling appears to increase muscle temperature, which naturally boosts muscle elasticity and joint range of motion. This warming effect mimics traditional warm-up exercises but with the added benefit of directly targeting deep muscle layers, enhancing tissue pliability, and reducing stiffness.

• Foam-rolling's pressure activates specific nerve receptors — In this theory, foam rollers produce signals that reduce muscle tightness and enhance proprioception, which is the body's ability to sense its own position and movements in space. Better proprioception directly translates into better balance and coordination on the court, helping you execute precise movements with greater agility and reduced risk of missteps or injuries.

• The rhythmic and sustained pressure of foam-rolling enhances blood circulation in targeted muscles — The last theory explores the rapid supply of oxygen and nutrients while removing fatigue-causing metabolic byproducts.

Enhanced circulation helps muscle tissues function optimally during activity, significantly contributing to immediate improvements in balance and mobility observed in this study. Athletes who leverage this physiological effect are more likely to consistently perform at their peak during practice sessions and competitive play.

4 Foam Roller Exercises You Can Try

Now that you know how foam rollers work on your fitness, how can you harness its benefits? At the very start, I recommend selecting a foam roller that suits your needs by consulting a licensed expert. Once you have your own foam roller, practice these four exercises as detailed by Kuharik. Again, foam rollers can be used as a warm-up or cooldown, so feel free to choose when they work best for you:7

• Hamstrings:

1. Sit on the floor and extend your legs in front of you. Place the foam roller under your hamstrings (the back of your thighs) on your right side.
2. Using your arms, lift your body so your weight is on the foam roller. Keep your right leg extended but bend your left leg to help stabilize your body.
3. Slowly roll back and forth over the area. Repeat this move for about 30 seconds.
4. Move the foam roller under your left hamstring and repeat.

• Back:

1. Lie on your back and place your foam roller under your upper back. Bend your knees so your feet are flat on the ground.
2. Cross your arms across your chest and lift your body into a bridge position.
3. Slowly roll back and forth down to the middle of your back and up to your lower neck.
4. Repeat this move for about 30 seconds.

• Calves:

1. Sit on the floor and extend your legs in front of you. Place the foam roller under your calves.
2. Using your arms, lift your body and cross your right leg over your left leg.
3. Slowly roll back and forth on your left calf using your arms to move you.
4. Repeat this move for about 30 seconds.
5. Switch legs and repeat.

• Quads:

1. Get into a plank position and place your foam roller under your quads (the front part of your thighs).
2. Slowly roll down until your roller hits your knees. Then, roll back up in the other direction until you reach your hip area.
3. Repeat this move for about 30 seconds.

While you can use a foam roller any time, Kuharik recommends exercising with it in the morning. If you hit a sore area, that means the muscles are contracted, and applying pressure via the foam roller will help release tension.8

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Foam Rollers

Q: What is foam-rolling, and how does it work?

A: Foam-rolling involves using a cylindrical device to apply gentle pressure to muscles to smooth them out. It helps loosen fascia (the connective tissue around muscles), improves blood flow, and triggers the nervous system to release natural pain-relieving chemicals, boosting flexibility and easing muscle soreness.

Q: Does foam-rolling enhance flexibility?

A: Yes. Research shows foam-rolling immediately increases flexibility. Participants in studies consistently experienced better range of motion right after a short session, making it particularly helpful for activities like gymnastics, dance, or endurance sports.

Q: Can foam-rolling improve sports performance like jumping and sprinting?

A: Foam-rolling has very limited effects on sports performance metrics such as jump height, sprint speed, and strength. While beneficial for flexibility and recovery, it doesn't meaningfully enhance these aspects of athletic performance.

Q: How long do foam-rolling benefits last?

A: Foam-rolling's benefits, particularly improved flexibility and reduced muscle soreness, appear immediately but are temporary. Regular, consistent use is required to maintain these advantages.

Q: Is foam-rolling safe for everyone?

A: Foam-rolling is generally safe for most people but should only be applied to muscles. Avoid rolling directly over bony areas like knees, pelvis, and shoulder blades, as these areas don't benefit from pressure and rolling there can cause pain.

Sources and References

• 1, 4 Harvard Health Publishing, March 21, 2025
• 2, 3, 7, 8 Cleveland Clinic, January 20, 2023
• 5 Front Physiol. 2019 Apr 9;10:376
• 6 Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2025 Jan 1;20(1):15–29